[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.marcal.cz\/filosofove-stredoveku-a-novoveku\/#Article","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/www.marcal.cz\/filosofove-stredoveku-a-novoveku\/","headline":"Filosofov\u00e9 st\u0159edov\u011bku a novov\u011bku","name":"Filosofov\u00e9 st\u0159edov\u011bku a novov\u011bku","description":"Ren\u00e9 Descartes (1596-1650) \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed v jezuitsk\u00e9 koleji \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Matematik \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cestoval po Evrop\u011b \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 20 let \u017eil v Holandsku \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u00edla: \u201eRozprava o metod\u011b\u201c … ","datePublished":"2025-02-28","dateModified":"2025-02-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.marcal.cz\/author\/#Person","name":"","url":"https:\/\/www.marcal.cz\/author\/","identifier":1,"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a1f3afbcba6a2c855138f9932fa7e5ab7d93bdcdef3da88e8b7e3a89881e43e8?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a1f3afbcba6a2c855138f9932fa7e5ab7d93bdcdef3da88e8b7e3a89881e43e8?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"marcal.cz","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"\/logo.png","url":"\/logo.png","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/www.marcal.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/img_a341825_w1981_t1554719161.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.marcal.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/img_a341825_w1981_t1554719161.jpg","height":0,"width":0},"url":"https:\/\/www.marcal.cz\/filosofove-stredoveku-a-novoveku\/","wordCount":459,"articleBody":"Ren\u00e9 Descartes (1596-1650)\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed v jezuitsk\u00e9 koleji\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Matematik\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cestoval po Evrop\u011b\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 20 let \u017eil v Holandsku\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u00edla: \u201eRozprava o metod\u011b\u201c hledal metodu prav\u00e9ho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed\t\u201eSv\u011bt\u201c jeho prvn\u00ed d\u00edlo kter\u00e9 musel sp\u00e1lit, aby se vyhnul odsouzen\u00ed\t\u201eMeditace o prvn\u00ed filosofii\u201c dokazuje bo\u017e\u00ed existenci, zab\u00fdv\u00e1 se vztahem mezi du\u0161\u00ed a t\u011blem\t\u201ePrincipy filosofie\u201c jeho my\u0161lenky\t\tFILOSOFIE \u201eMysl\u00edm tedy jsem\u201c\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 subjektu \u2192 mysl\u00edc\u00ed individuum, rozum\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 specifick\u00e1 metoda \u2192 jistota je jen v pozn\u00e1n\u00ed\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 rozum = jedin\u00e1 jist\u00fd zdroj v pozn\u00e1n\u00ed\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 idea boha jako nekone\u010dnou, v\u0161ev\u011bdouc\u00ed a v\u0161emocnou bytost\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Spr\u00e1vn\u00fd obraz sv\u011bta: idea boha substance, kter\u00e1 je \t\t\t\t\u2192 nekone\u010dn\u00e1\t\t\t\t\u2192 nez\u00e1visl\u00e1\t\t\t\t\u2192 v\u0161emohouc\u00ed\t\t\t\t\u2192 v\u0161evidouc\u00ed\t\t\t\t\u2192 nestvo\u0159en\u00e1\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dualismus \u2192 2 substance stvo\u0159en\u00e9 duchem (my\u0161len\u00ed) a sv\u011bt t\u011bles (rozprost\u0159en\u00e1 hmota)\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Idea boha je vrozen\u00e1\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u010clov\u011bk chybuje, kdy\u017e se rozhoduje\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Du\u0161evno a t\u011blesno u \u010dlov\u011bka a zv\u00ed\u0159at nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd pevn\u00fd vztah, souvislost zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed krevn\u00ed tekutiny, p\u0159i \u010dem\u017e zv\u00ed\u0159ata jsou jenom t\u011bla\tBenedikt Spinoza\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Poh\u00e1zel z \u017eidovsk\u00e9 rodiny, byl nadan\u00fd a studoval k\u0159es\u0165anskou filosofii\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Byl exkomunikov\u00e1n \u2192 obvin\u011bn z kac\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed (sna\u017eil se o propojen\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f s ostatn\u00edma)\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u00edla\to\u00a0\u00a0 \u201eTeologie \u2013 politick\u00fd trakt\u00e1t\u201c – O n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed\to\u00a0\u00a0 \u201eEtika vylo\u017een\u00e1 zp\u016fsobem u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm v geometrii\u201c\t\tFILOSOFIE\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00fdchodiskem je substance\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Substance je jedno nekone\u010dno. Sjednocuje v sob\u011b ve\u0161ker\u00e1 byt\u00ed, v\u011bcn\u00e1, nekone\u010dn\u00ed, existuje sama za sebe a nic nen\u00ed mimo ni\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SUBSTANCE = B\u016eH = P\u0158\u00cdRODA\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Modus \u2192 podm\u00edn\u011bn n\u011b\u010d\u00edm jin\u00fdm, sv\u011bt kone\u010dn\u00fdch jev\u016f, stvo\u0159eno p\u0159\u00edrodou\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ka\u017ed\u00e1 kone\u010dn\u00e1 v\u011bc je podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 jinou v\u011bc\u00ed\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Substance 2 vlastnost\u00ed: my\u0161len\u00ed a rozlehlost\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u010clov\u011bk je bytost rozumov\u00e1, nelze d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ovat smysl\u016f\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Determinismus \u2192 B\u016fh je tot\u00e9\u017e, co p\u0159\u00edroda\t\u00a0\tJohn Locke (1632\u20131704)\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Studium p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u00edla \u2192 \u201eEsej o lidsk\u00e9 rozumu\u201c \t\t\t\t\u2192 \u201eListy o toleranci\u201c\tFILOSOFIE\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00fdchodisko \u2192 pochybnost jako u Descarta\t\t\t\t\u2192 sta\u010d\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161 mozek na vyvozen\u00ed sv\u011bta s matematickou p\u0159esnost\u00ed pomoc\u00ed dedukce\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1. kritick\u00fd filosof\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nejprve t\u0159eba podrobit kritice lidsk\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed a jeho obsah (dojmy a ideje)\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vrozen\u00e9 ideje neexistuj\u00ed \u2192 ve\u0161ker\u00fd obsah v\u011bdom\u00ed poch\u00e1z\u00ed z vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho nebo vnit\u0159n\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P\u0159ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed nen\u00ed ve v\u011bdom\u00ed nic \u2192 tabula rada \u2192 nic nen\u00ed v rozumu co d\u0159\u00edve nebylo ve smyslech\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u0161echny ideje poh\u00e1zej\u00ed ze zku\u0161enost\u00ed \to\u00a0\u00a0 vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zku\u0161enost \u2192 sensace prim\u00e1rn\u00ed a sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed kvality\to\u00a0\u00a0 vnit\u0159n\u00ed zku\u0161enost \u2192 reflexe\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Jednoduch\u00e9 ideje = nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed elementy lidsk\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed\t\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Slo\u017een\u00e9 ideje = Vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed je rozum = mosty substance vztahy                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        5\/5 - (2 votes)        "},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Filosofov\u00e9 st\u0159edov\u011bku a novov\u011bku","item":"https:\/\/www.marcal.cz\/filosofove-stredoveku-a-novoveku\/#breadcrumbitem"}]}]